Failures of Spacetime Emergence

In holography, an effective spacetime description emerges from the fundamental boundary description. But can all spacetime geometries emerge from a holographic theory? In this talk, I will argue that in some situations, a region of spacetime can fail to emerge from a traditional application of the rules of holography. This conclusion can be reached both from large N arguments and from tensor network models. I will also comment on various proposed methods to restore the emergence of spacetime, and their relation to the notion of observer complementarity.