Nicola Di Cosmo | List of Publications
In progress
Book translation:
Venice and the Mongols The Eurasian Exchange That Transformed the Medieval World English translation of Venezia e i Mongoli, Princeton University Press, authored with Lorenzo Pubblici.
Co-edited book:
Catastrophes and Transformations: The Crisis of the Fourteenth Century in the Afro-Eurasian Context. Edinburgh University Press 2025 or 2026) Co-edited with Yoichi Isahaya.
Co-edited book, Corresponding Editor:
The Great Wall of China as a Climate Frontier – Climatic and Historical Perspectives on the Ordos Region. SpringerNature 2026. Co-edited with David Bello, Jürg Lutherbacker, Elena Xoplaki.
Books authored and edited
2024
Gudai Zhongguo de junshi wenhua 古代中国的军事文化 (Transl. of Military Culture in Imperial China). Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo. Beijing, Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe (Social Sciences Academic Press).
Impérios e trocas na Antiguidade Tardia Eurasiática (Transl. of N. Di Cosmo and M. Maas, Eds., Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250-750). Editora Unicamp.
2022
Venezia e i Mongoli: commercio e diplomazia sulle vie della seta nel medioevo. Co-authored by Nicola Di Cosmo and Lorenzo Pubblici. Viella Editore, Roma.
2021
Rebel Economies: Warlords, Insurgents, Humanitarians. Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Didier Fassin and Clémence Pinaud. Lexington Books.
2018
Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250-750. Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo and Michael Maas. Cambridge University Press.
2009
Military Culture in Imperial China. Edited and Introduction by Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age. Co-edited with Peter B. Golden and Allen Frank. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
2006
Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2006.
2003
A Documentary History of Manchu-Mongol Relations (1616-1626). Co-authored with Dalizhabu Bao. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History. Co-edited with Don J. Wyatt. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
2002
Warfare in Inner Asian History (500-1800). Edited. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Chinese Translation: Gudai Zhongguo yu qi qiang lin 古代中国与其强邻 (Beijing 2010). Other translations: Korean.
1995
Giovanni Stary, Nicola Di Cosmo, Tatiana A. Pang, and Alessandra Pozzi. On the Tracks of Manchu Culture 1644-1994: 350 Years after the Conquest of Peking. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995.
1993
Reports from the Northwest: A Selection of Manchu Memorials from Kashgar (1806-1807). Bloomington: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1993.
Journal issues (edited)
Between Lapis and Jade: Ancient Cultures of Central Asia. Co-edited with Fredrik T. Hiebert, eds. Monographic issue of Anthropology and Archaeology of Eurasia 34.4, 1996.
Articles and Essays in Scientific Journals
2025
Büntgen, Ulf, Nicola Di Cosmo, Jan Esper, Michael Frachetti, Lamya Khalidi, Franz Mauelshagen, Eleonora Rohland, and Clive Oppenheimer. "Volcanoes, Climate, and Society." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 54 (2025).
Sun, W., Wang, B., Liu, J., Bello, D.A., Büntgen, U., Xoplaki, E., Chen, D., Shi, H. and Di Cosmo, N., 2025. “Impact of the centennial changes in ENSO on the rise of the Chinese Qing empire”. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 8(1), p. 61.
2023
Frachetti, M., Di Cosmo, N., Esper, J., Khalidi, L., Mauelshagen, F., ... & Büntgen, U. (2023). “The Dahliagram: A new tool for interdisciplinary investigation, visualization, and communication of past human-environmental interaction.” Science Advances 9 (November 2023)
2022
Mackay, H., Plunkett, G., Jensen, B., Aubry, T., Corona, C., Kim, W. M., ... Di Cosmo, N., … & Swindles, G. (2021). “The 852/3 CE Mount Churchill eruption: examining the potential climatic and societal impacts and the timing of the Medieval Climate Anomaly in the North Atlantic Region.” Climate of the Past Discussions, 1-50.
2021
Di Cosmo, N. Wagner, S. and Büntgen, U., “Climate and Environmental Context of The Mongol Invasion of Syria and Defeat at ‘Ayn Jālūt (1258–1260 CE)”. Erdkunde Vol. 75 No. 2, pp. 87–104.
Buentgen, Ulf, Paul Krusic, and Nicola Di Cosmo. "Science in silence." (Erdkunde, 75.1, 2021): 61-63.
2018
Di Cosmo, Nicola, et al. "Environmental stress and steppe nomads: Rethinking the history of the Uyghur Empire (744–840) with paleoclimate data." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 48.4 (2018): 439– 463.
Oppenheimer, C., Orchard, A., Stoffel, M., Newfield, T.P., Guillet, S., Corona, C., Sigl, M., Di Cosmo, N. and Büntgen, U., 2018. The Eldgjá eruption: timing, long-range impacts and influence on the Christianisation of Iceland. Climatic change, 147(3-4), pp.369-381.
Büntgen, Ulf, and Nicola Di Cosmo. "Publisher Correction: Reply to ‘Climate of doubt: a re-evaluation of Büntgen and Di Cosmo’s environmental hypothesis for the Mongol withdrawal from Hungary, 1242 CE’." Scientific Reports 8.1 (2018): 1-1.
2017
Di Cosmo et al. "Interplay of Environmental and Socio-political Factors in the Downfall of the Eastern Türk Empire in 630 CE. Climatic Change. December 2017 (doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2111-0)
Shree R.S. Dangal, Hanqin Tian, Chaoqun Lu, Wei Ren, Shufen Panm Jua Yang, Nicola Di Cosmo, Amy Hessl. “Integrating Herbivore Population Dynamics into a Global Land Biosphere Model: Plugging animals into the earth system.” Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. December 2017 doi: 10.1002/2016MS000904
Büntgen, Ulf, Ólafur Eggertsson, Lukas Wacker, Michael Sigl, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Nicola Di Cosmo, Gill Plunkett10, Paul J. Krusic, Timothy P. Newfield, Jan Esper, Christine Lane, Frederick Reinig, and Clive Oppenheimer. “Multi-proxy dating of Iceland’s major pre-settlement Katla eruption to 822–823 CE.” Geology, 19 June 2017.
Oppenheimer, C., Wacker, L., Xu, J., Galván, J.D., Stoffel, M., Guillet, S., Corona, C., Sigl, M., Di Cosmo, N., Hajdas, I. and Pan, B., 2017. “Multi-proxy dating the ‘Millennium Eruption’of Changbaishan to late 946 CE.” Quaternary Science Reviews, 158:164-171.
2016
Büntgen, U. and Di Cosmo, N., 2016. “Climatic and environmental aspects of the Mongol withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 CE.” Scientific reports, 6:25606.
Büntgen, U., Myglan, V.S., Ljungqvist, F.C., McCormick, M., Di Cosmo, N., Sigl, M., Jungclaus, J., Wagner, S., Krusic, P.J., Esper, J. and Kaplan, J.O., 2016. Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD. Nature Geoscience.
2014
Pederson, N., Hessl, A.E., Baatarbileg, N., Anchukaitis, K.J. and Di Cosmo, N., 2014. Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(12):4375-4379.
Articles and Essays in Humanities Journals
2024
“Climate Variability and Medieval Nomadic Empires: Notes from Case Studies.” Medieval Worlds 21 (2024): 32-50.
2021
“L’hypothèse climatique.” L’Histoire n. 483 (May 2021): 44-45
2015
“Why Qara Qorum? Climate and Geography in the Early Mongol Empire.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 21 (2014-2015): 67-78.
2012
“From Alliance to Tutelage: A Historical Analysis of Manchu-Mongol Relations before the Qing Conquest” In Frontiers of History in China, 7 (2) 2012: 175-197.
“Introduction” in Crossroads vol. 5: Ethnicity and Sinicization Reconsidered. April 2012: 5-25.
2010
“Black Sea Emporia and the Mongol Empire: a Reassessment of the Pax Mongolica,” in Empires and Emporia: The Orient in World Historical Space and Time, Jubilee issue ed. Jos Gommans, Journal of they Social and Economic History of the Orient 53.1-2 (2010): 83-108.
2009
“La «guerra giusta» nella conquista mancese della Cina.” Nuova Rivista Storica, 93.2 (2009): 449-76
“Han Frontiers: Towards an Integrated View,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 129.2 (2009): 1-16.
“The Manchu Conquest in World-Historical Perspective: A Note on Trade and Silver.” In Journal of Central Eurasian Studies 1, 2009 (Seoul, Korea): 43-60.
1999
“State Formation and Periodization in Inner Asian History.” Journal of World History 10.1 (Spring 1999): 1-40. (Chinese translation: “Neiya shi shang de guojia xingxheng yu jieduanhua 内亚史上的国家形成与阶段划” in Xifang Zhongguo shi yanjiu (Western Studies on Chinese History) ed. Leo K. Shin (2011).
“Qing Colonial Administration in Inner Asia.” The International History Review 20.2 (1998): 287‑309
1997
“A Set of Manchu Documents Concerning a Khokand Mission to Kashgar (1807).” Central Asiatic Journal 41.2 (1997): 159-99.
1996
“Ancient Xinjiang Between Central Asia and China.” Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 34.4 (1996): 87‑101.
1994
“Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History.” The Journal of Asian Studies 53.4 (1994): 1092‑1126.
1987
“Alcune osservazioni sull'accento mancese.” Aetas Manjurica 1 (1987): 1‑15.
1986
“Mongolian Topics in the U.S. Military Intelligence Reports.” Mongolian Studies 10 (1986):96‑107.
1984
“I rapporti tra Stati Uniti e Cina (1944‑1949) nella storiografia americana.” Rivista di storia contemporanea 13. 4 (October 1984): 578‑605.
1982
“Due messaggi sacrificali dei Jin Posteriori.” Cina 18 (1982), pp. 117‑129.
Chapters in Edited Books
2023
狄宇宙 “ 推薦序—以歷史的視角看一七二三年”（Foreword: 1723 in Historical Perspective）in Jeng-guo Chen (Ed.) 世界史的11扇窗 Viewing World history through 11 Windows (Taiwan 2023): 14-25 (Rpt. in 2025 as 1723: 世界史的10扇窗, Viewing World history through 10 Windows).
Di Cosmo, N. “The Climate and Environment of the Mongol Conquest” In Biran, M., and Kim, H. Eds. The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire (Cambridge University Press), vol. 1, pp. 603-627.
Di Cosmo, N. “The Mongols and Europe”. In Biran, M., and Kim, H. Eds. The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire(Cambridge University Press), vol. 1, pp. 779-797.
2022
Di Cosmo, N. “Beyond Boom and Bust: Climate in the History of Medieval Steppe Empires (c. 550-1350 CE)” In A. Izdebski et al. (eds.), Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises: What the Future Needs from History. (Springer 2022), pp. 177-189.
Di Cosmo, N. “Die Zügel der Macht: das Aufkommen berittener nomadischer Eliten in den Eurasischen Steppen.” In Reiternomaden in Europa (2022), pp. 22-25.
2021
“The War Economy of Nomadic Empires”. In Rebel Economies: Warlords, Insurgents, Humanitarians. Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo; Didier Fassin and Clémence Pinaud. Lexington Books, 2021.
2020
“Violence in Inner Asian History.” In The Cambridge World History of Violence. Vol II 500-1500 CE. Ed. by Matthew S. Gordon, Richard W. Kaeuper, Harriet Zurndorfer, pp. 1-37.
"The ‘Birth’of the Silk Road Between Ecological Frontiers and Military Innovation." In J. Lerner and Y. Shi, Eds., Silk Roads: From Local Realities to Global Narratives (2020): 11-20.
2018
“The Relations between China and the Steppe from the Xiongnu to the Turk Empire.” In Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity (2018), pp. 35-53.
“Introduction”. Co-authored with Michael Maas. In Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity (2018), pp. 1-15.
“Maligned Exchanges: The Uyghur-Tang Trade in the Light of Climate Data.” In Texts and Transformations. Essays in Honor of the 75thj Birthday of Victor H Mair. Edited by Haun Saussy. Cambria Press (2018), pp. 117-136.
2017
“Nurhaci’s gambit: The concept and praxis of sovereignty in the rise of Manchu power” in The Scaffolding of Sovereignty: Global and Aesthetic Perspectives on the History of a Concept. Edited by Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, Stefanos Geroulanos, and Nicole Jerr. Columbia University Press, 2017, pp. 102-123,
关于草原帝国历史分析的理论思考 (Theoretical Reflections on the Historical Analysis of Steppe Empires), in 断裂与转型:帝国之后的欧亚历史与史学 – Between Empires: Rupture, Transformation, and Transmission (Shanghai 2017): 1-25.
2016
“The Extension of Ch’ing Rule over Mongolia, Sinkiang, and Tibet, 1630-1800” in The Cambridge History of China 9.2 Ed. William Pederson (Cambridge 2016): 111-145.
“Tatari i torgovtsi na chernomorskoi granitse v XIII i XIV vekakh: sobladenie interesob i conflikti.” In Zolotaya Orda v mirovoi istorii. The Golden Horde in World History. (Kazan, 2016): 578-598.
2015
“China-Steppe relations in historical perspective”. In Complexity and Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE. Ed. Jan Bemmann, Michael Schmauder (Bonn 2015): 49-72.
2014
A Note on the Formation of the Silk Road as Long Distance Exchange Network” In ReSilkRoad. Ed. Mehmet Bulut (Istanbul 2014):17-26.
2013
“Aristocratic Elites in the Xiongnu Empire as Seen from Historical and Archeological Evidence.” In Nomad Aristocrats in a World of Empires, Ed. Jürgen Paul (Wiesbaden 2013): 23-53.
“Connecting Maritime and Continental History: The Black Sea Region at the Time of the Mongol Empire” in The Sea: Thalassography and Historiography, ed. Peter Miller. (University of Michigan Press, 2013).: 174-97.
2012
“La frontiera settentrionale dalle origini all’unificazione imperiale.” In La Cina vol.1.2: Dall’Età del Bronzo all’impero Han. Eds. Tiziana Lippiello and Maurizio Scarpari (Torino, Einaudi), pp. 263-298.
“Le frontiere dell’impero Han.” In La Cina vol.1.2: Dall’Età del Bronzo all’impero Han. Eds. Tiziana Lippiello and Maurizio Scarpari (Torino, Einaudi), pp. 299-320.
“Neiya shi shang de guojia xingxheng yu jieduanhua 内亚史上的国家形成与阶段划” (Transl. of " State Formation and Periodization in Inner Asian History") in Leo K. Shin 单国锁 (ed.) 当代西方汉学研究集萃。中古史卷 ( Collected Essays of Contemporary Western Sinology: Medieval History Volume) (Beijing 2012): 33-70.
2011
“Ethnogenesis, Coevolution and Political Morphology of the Earliest Steppe Empire: The Xiongnu Question Revisited” in Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia, ed. Ursula Brosseder and Bryuan K. Miller, (Bonn, 2011): 35-48.
2010
“Nurhaci’s Names,” in Representing Power in Ancient Inner Asia: Legitimacy, Transmission and the Sacred, ed. Isabelle Charleux et al. (Bellingham: Western Washington University, 2010): 261-279.
“Ethnography of the Nomads and “Barbarian” History in Han China” in Intentional History: Spinning Time in Ancient Greece, ed. Lin Foxhall et al. (Stuttgart 2010), pp. 299-325
“Gli imperi nomadi nella storia della Cina imperiale,” in La Cina, Vol II: L’età imperiale dai Tre Regni ai Qing. eds. Mario Sabattini, Maurizio Scarpari (Torino 2010): 219-260.
2009
“Yu qiangpao he gan? Huoqi he Qing diguo de xíngcheng” 与枪炮何干？火器和清 帝国的形成(Chinese transl. of “Did Guns Matter? Firearms and the Qing Formation”). In Lynn Struve (Ed.), Shijie shijian yu Dongya shijian zhong de Ming Qing bianqian, vol. 2: Shijie lishi shijian zhong xiao de xingcheng (World Historical and East Asian Times in the Ming-Qing Transition) 世界时间与东亚时间中的明清变迁（下卷）世界历史时间中消的形成 (Beijing: Xinhua shudian 2009): 152-207.
“Impero e Frontiere nella Cina antica: 200 BC-200 AD,” in Gli Imperi: dall’antichità all’età contemporanea. Ed. Ruth Ben-Ghiat (Bologna 2009): 93-117.
“Sobre los orígenes de la Gran Muralla,” in La construcción del poder en la China antigua, ed. Alicia Relinque Eleta. Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada, (2009), pp. 141-154.
“The Qing and Inner Asia: 1636-1800,” in The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age, eds. Nicola Di Cosmo, Peter B. Golden, and Allen J. Frank. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (2009): 333-362.
2008
“Alle frontiere dell’impero: nomadi e mercanti dagli Han ai Tang”. In Il Celeste impero: Dall’esercito di terracotta alla Via della Seta. A cura di Sabrina Rastelli e Maurizio Scarpari, (Milano, Skirà 2008): 29-36.
“La Cina, i nomadi e i mercanti.” In Cina: alla Corte degli Imperatori. Capolavori mai visti dalla tradizione Han all’eleganza Tang (25-907), ed. Sabrina Rastelli. Firenze: Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi (2008), pp. 53-59.
2007
“Marital Politics on the Manchu-Mongol Frontier in the Early Seventeenth Century,” in The Chinese State at the Borders, ed. Diana Lary. Vancouver: UBC Press (2007), pp. 57-73.
2006
“Liao History and Society,” in Gilded Splendor: Treasures of China’s Liao Empire (907-1125), ed. Hsueh-man Shen. New York: Asia Society (2006), pp. 15-23.
“Competing Strategies of Great Khan Legitimacy in the Context of the Chaqar-Manchu Wars (c. 1620-1634),” in Imperial Statecraft: Political forms and techniques of governance in Inner Asia, Sixth-Twentieth Centuries, ed. David Sneath. Washington: Western Washington University, (2006), pp. 245-263.
“Circostanze e limiti dell’espansione veneziana in Oriente nel Trecento,” in Venezia, l’altro e l’altrove, ed. Susanne Winter. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, (2006), pp. 1-22.
“A Note on the Authorship of Dzengšeo’s Beye-i cooha bade yabuha babe ejehe bithe,” in Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary, eds. Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Antero Janhunen, and Michael Weiers. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag (2006), pp. 73-78.
2005
“Venice, Genoa, the Golden Horde, and the Limits of European Expansion in Asia,” in Il Codice Cumanico e il Suo Mondo, eds. Peter Schreiner and Felicitas Schmieder. Roma: Storia e Letteratura (2005), pp. 279-296.
“Mongols and Merchants on the Black Sea Frontier (13th-14th c.): Convergences and Conflicts,” in Turco-Mongol Nomads and Sedentary Societies, eds. Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran. Leiden: Brill, (2005), pp. 391-424.
2004
“Did Guns Matter? Firearms and the Qing Formation,” in The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time, ed. Lynn Struve. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, (2004), pp. 121-166.
2003
“Kirghiz Nomads on the Qing Frontier: Tribute, Trade, or Gift-Exchange?” in Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo and Don J. Wyatt. London: RoutledgeCurzon, (2003), pp. 351-72.
2002
“Military Aspects of the Manchu Wars Against the Čaqars,” in Inner Asian Warfare (500-1800), ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Leiden: Brill, (2002), pp. 337-67.
“Introduction: Inner Asian Ways of Warfare in Historical Perspective,” in Inner Asian Warfare (500-1800), ed. Nicola Di Cosmo. Leiden: Brill, (2002), pp. 1-29.
2001
“European Technology and Manchu Power: Reflections on the ‘Military Revolution’ in Seventeenth-Century China,” in Making Sense of Global History, ed. Sølvi Sogner. Oslo: University Press, (2001), pp. 119-39.
2000
“Ancient City-States of the Tarim Basin,” in A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen. Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, (2000), pp. 393-407.
“Technology and Manchu Power: Reflections on the ‘Military Revolution’ in Seventeenth-Century China.” [Abstract only] Proceedings of the the 19th International Congress of Historical Sciences (Oslo 6-13 August, 2000).
1999
“The Northern Frontier in Pre‑Imperial China,” in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, ed. Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1999), pp. 885-966.
“Manchu Shamanic Ceremonies at the Qing Court,” in State and Court Ritual in China, ed. Joseph P. McDermott. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, (1999), pp. 352-98.
1996
“Das Konchu mun’gyon rok des Yi Minhwan,” in Materialen zur Vorgeschichte der Qing-Dynastie, ed. Giovanni Stary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, (1996), pp. 10-22.
1990
“A Manchu Patent in the Oriental Collection of the Newark Museum,” in Altaica Osloensia. Proceedings of the 32nd Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, at Oslo, June 1989, ed. Bernt Brendemoen. Oslo: Norwegian University Press, (1990), pp. 103-112.
“A Note on the Tana Route and International Trade in the 15th Century,” in Aspects of Altaic Civilization III. Proceedings of the 30th Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, at Bloomington, Indiana, USA, June 1987, ed. Denis Sinor. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, (1990), pp. 20-32.
1989
“A Russian Envoy to Khiva: the Italian Diary of Florio Beneveni,” in Proceedings of the 28th Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, at Venice, Italy, July 1985, ed. Giovanni Stary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, (1989), pp. 73‑114.
“A Manchu Fragment on the Medical Treatment Given by the Italian Jesuit Giovanni Giuseppe Da Costa to Yin‑ssu, Eighth Son of K’ang‑hsi,” in Religious and Lay Symbolism in the Altaic World and Other Papers. Proceedings of the 27th Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, at Walberberg, Germany, June 1984, ed. Klaus Sagaster. Wiesdbaden: Harrassowitz, (1989), pp. 100‑108.
Other Essays
“The Scientist as Antiquarian” The Institute Letter, Spring 2018
“Climate Change and the Rise of an Empire” The Institute Letter, Spring 2014.
“The Origins of the Great Wall.” The Silk Road, 4.1 (2006), pp. 14-19.
“La guerra nella storia cinese.” Palomar 4 (2001), pp. 24-32.